PROTESTANT
REFORMATION
On
October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted 95
theses on the door of the
The Man. Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
i. Lay piety movements (devotion moderna) and schools (Brethren of Common Life)
ii. Christian humanism (philosophia Christi)
i. Henry VIII (r. 1509 – 1547) wanted to annul marriage to Katherine of Aragon
ii.
HRE Charles V sacked
iii.
When negotiations with Pope failed, Henry VIII broke with
i. John Calvin (1509 – 1563) created the most successful international form of Protestantism (Calvinism); Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) emphasized the logic of Protestant reforms and rejected aspects of Catholicism which appealed to the senses
ii. Differences in emphasis between Luther and Calvin
1. Predestination – Calvin thought grace of God offered to relatively few (The Elect)
2.
Attitude toward state – Calvin thought The Elect should Christianize state
and remake society as a whole into
a.
b.
i.
ii. France – Huguenots
iii.
iv.
iii.
Anabaptists or rebaptizers were another
reformed group which arose in Northern Europe among common folk in
1. Rejected infant baptism
2. Advocated Church of Saints and Martyrs
a. Withdrew from world
b. Strict morality
c. Separation of church and state
3. 1534 Muenster experiment led to their persecution
i. Rejected justification by faith
ii. Maintained priesthood as special estate
iii. Kept Church as interpreter of Bible (Vulgate)
iv. Retained 7 sacraments
i. Bishops required to reside in diocese
ii. Clergy more closely supervised
iii. Seminaries established
iv. Monastic orders reformed
i. Papal Index List of works dangerous for Catholics to read
ii.
Society of Jesus
1. Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491 – 1556) who received permission from Pope Paul III in 1540 to form select religious order
2. Spiritual Exercises emphasized absolute obedience to Church in matters of faith
3. Established schools to teach young true faith
iii.
Inquisition
1.
Revived by Spanish government in 1477 to “protect” Spanish Christians against
Jews and Moors (1492 fall of
2. Weapon against ideas, individuals, practices which threatened value system of nobility